Marketing concept and marketing orientation Essay

Marketing concept and marketing orientation - Essay Example Marketing orientation centres on the target market. Marketing orientation also means organisations will most likely practice globalisation since flexibility is paramount in a more and more competitive environment. With marketing orientation, an organisation can sway customer demand by making goods and services that are appealing, affordable, and easily accessible. Essentially, marketing orientation means an organisation has to adopt the marketing concept. Marketing orientation means an organisation has competitive edge over rival firms (Almquist, 2014). Rival organisations always find it hard to emulate marketing orientation when used as an internal strong point. This is because organisations always find marketing orientation hard to maintain. Maintaining marketing orientation means an organisation will have to stop being transparent about its promotion and communication strategies. The lack of transparency creates competitive advantage for an organisation and makes marketing orientation non-transferable. Market-oriented organisations view these characteristics of marketing orientation as a resource for competitive advantage. To acquire this advantage, the organisation will also have to pour more resources into research, promotion, retailing, and sales. Target markets always follow certain trends that a market-oriented organisation has to know and abide by to gain the sector’s competitive edge. Abiding by these trends means th e organisation has to come up with commodity strategies that address customer needs and wants. The four Ps of marketing, market plans, behaviour, and research are factors an organisation can consider when seeking market orientation. A stipulated example is GrameenPhone, Bangladesh’s top telecoms firm. In 2012, GrameenPhone had a market share of 62%, which represents 8.5 million subscribers. This market share seems impressive but is

Google's Prospects in Terms of the Criteria 'Suitability, Essay

Google's Prospects in Terms of the Criteria 'Suitability, Acceptability and Feasibility' (FSA) - Essay Example would be embarked on to understand its strategic position based on the feasibility, acceptability and suitability of its present strategy. Evaluation would be helpful to determine if â€Å"Google Inc.: Running Amuck?† as stated by many, is true or to what extent the company is exposing itself to risks by expanding and diversifying? This report attempts to clearly understand Google Inc.’s strategic position with its innovative product and service launches in the recent past. Products and services Google has products and services for both online internet users and the mobile users. The company has products and services based on three types of technologies: web search technology, advertising technology and large-scale systems technology (shown in Appendix A). It has a large portfolio of products and services with a core product: web search, as its major revenue generating service. It has various different classifications of its products based on the kind of service it prov ides. â€Å"Google.com, web and content search, communication and collaboration, downloadable applications, mobile, labs, Google AdWords, Google AdSense and Google Enterprise, all of which are nevertheless marketed as categories of products relevant to: search, explore and innovate, communicate, show and share, go mobile and make your computer work better† (Case study- Google Inc., 2011). The company also is committed to always giving users an experience that they would vouch for, and its motto is the guiding force. The company has a strategy for investment where it invests in three different levels, popularly known as 70-20-10 investment strategy. It invests in three kinds of product markets: core search and advertising products, products related to core products and experimental products (Case study- Google Inc., 2011). It also has a product serving according to the specific region or country laws as witnessed in EU and China where the company has adapted to the legal requi rements of serving restricted or customized services through locally located servers delivering filtered web pages (Martin, 2006). A list of patents for Google is shown in Appendix B. Appendix C and Appendix D list the free and for profit products offered by Google. Opportunities Google provides search engine web content services through simple user interfaces and uses low cost web servers. It provides content in about 88 languages and is an established brand which has gained users trust. Leveraging on this end user trust, the company has the potential to build on its sponsored advertisement links by tracking user searches and providing relevant and updated content with user permissions (Google Inc.: SWOT analysis, 2008). As the sponsored links are relegated to a corner of the page at the moment, it can nevertheless be moved to a full-fledged revenue generating service offering like AdSense and AdWords. The company’s product offering, Google Video is another link that provide s

Concept of Demolition Man Essay Example for Free

Concept of Demolition Man Essay * The Hollywood film represents the danger of globalization and cultural and environmental homogeneity, standardization and sanitation. * Friedman argues that because globalization is creating a single marketplace, it is homogenizing consumption and culture and can run the risk of wiping out ecological and cultural diversity throughout the world. In the Cold War system, cultures didn’t interact as frequently or directly as they do today, where they are often offered up for global competition and comparison against one another. Diversity in Globalization * Friedman argues that because globalization is often associated with Americanization, countries need to develop strong cultural and environmental filters so they can interact with but not be overwhelmed and swallowed by the herd. He suggests the most important filter is the ability to â€Å"glocalize,† meaning a culture’s ability to absorb natural influences into their culture yet reject those that are alien—to assimilate aspects of globalization into your culture in a way that adds diversity without overwhelming. * Globalization will be sustainable as long as we manage these filters in a way that protects our culture while simultaneously getting the best out of others’ cultures. Methods for Greening Globalization * Mobilize the environmental entrepreneurs term coined by Keith Algers for an organization meant to stop the logging activities in the rainforest in Brazil while formulating a plan to avoid unemployment among these loggers. Looking at the bigger picture, it implies finding solution to the growing problems of compromise in the industrialized society that environmental protection and economic development can coexist together. * Environmentally Sound Production Methods – Corporations and shareholders should be pressured by the government to adapt new environmental policies. The government hitting companies over the head with both new regulations and new tax incentives to be green, and with SFC telling companies they have to start accurately portraying their environmental liabilities to shareholders—such as where they are being sued for dumping and what the cleaning up cost—there has been a paradigm shift. * Learning how to use globalization itself. Where globalization is an asset is in the fact that it is creating â€Å"Super-empowered environmentalist†, who are acting on their own, can now fight back rather effectively against both the Electronic Herd and governments. Thanks to the Internet, environmentalists in one country are quickly relaying how a multinational behaves in their country to environmentalists in other countries. Preventing cultural homogeneity * GlocalizationHhlksal;kl;ksdsl;adkls;adkals;d—the ability of a culture, when it encounters another strong cultures, to absorb influences that naturally fit into and can enrich that culture, to resist those things that are alien and to compartmentalize those things that, while different, can nevertheless be enjoyed and celebrated as different. * Unhelathy Glocalization—when you absorb something that isn’t part of your culture, doesn’t connect with anything latent in your culture, but you have so lost touch with your culture, you think it does. * Glocalism alone is not sufficient to protect indigenous cultures from globalization. Some hard filters are also needed. To begin with you need zoning laws, protected area laws and educational programs to preserve unique regions and a cultural heritage from insidious homogenous development.

Fire Safety Strategies For Sainsburys Warehouse Environmental Sciences Essay

Fire Safety Strategies For Sainsburys Warehouse Environmental Sciences Essay The purpose of this Outline Fire Strategy Report is to facilitate preliminary discussions with the Approving Authorities and to outline the approach that will be taken to show compliance with Part B (Fire Safety) of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations (2000 2006). This report will provide a brief summary on all the aspects of fire safety which correlate with the corresponding Building Regulations. However, it will focus primarily on issues pertaining to the Fire Detection (AFD) and Alarm system and linking factors, such as evacuation times and fire growth. Since the 1960s there has been a rapid increase in the construction of large single storey storage warehouse facilities in the United Kingdom (UK). One of the most notable of these was the 40,000m2 unsprinklered military storage facility constructed by the Ministry of Defence (MOD) at Donnington. In 1983 this storage facility was completely destroyed by fire despite the presence of an on-site fire service. The fire at Donnington and other unsprinklered warehouses circa 1980 raised concerns in the UK and the United States (US). They present an extremely high risk to firefighters due to size and fire loading, devastating was the incident in November 2007, which was a fire in a vegetable packing plant located in Warwickshire that resulted in the tragic loss of four firefighters. Over the last 2 decades there has been an increase in the use of warehouses as a crucial part within the supply chain, this has been accelerated to deliver a just-in-time delivery system that has demanded more sophisticated processes. Where property protection sprinkler systems are installed with additional enhanced features, significant improvements upon the 80% reliability can be achieved.. 3 Description of the issue to be solved When minimum fire protection measures are provided (i.e. manual fire alarm, 2m floor to ceiling height, etc), ADB suggests maximum travel distances in warehouse accommodation of 25m in a single direction of travel and 45m where two means of escape are provided. The proposed building contains a number of inherent fire safety features such as high ceilings, automatic fire detection, sprinklers and an open plan environment. Such features assist in prolonging the onset of hazardous conditions and increase the chance of a person becoming aware of a fire in the initial stages of its development independent of the alarm being raised by others. Therefore, the basic recommendations set out in ADB are considered to be unduly restrictive fir the proposed building. The 2.5 min notional escape time used in current guides came from the Empire Palace Theatre Fire in 1911, as it was the time taken for the audience to escape, which was measured due to the Orchestra playing God saves the King during t he evacuation. Many other requirements within the prescriptive code developed in the same way with no specific foundation to support them. Figure 4 Methods and schemes To comply with the functional requirements the Secretary of State has approved a series of Approved Documents, which aims to provide practical guidance with respect to the functional requirements of schedule 1 and Regulation 7 of the Building regulations 2000 (SI 2000/2531) for England. The approved document for the above function is Approved Document B (Fire Safety), Volume 2 Buildings other than dwelling houses (ADB); however these functional requirements can be achieved in a number of different ways. This report will focus on B1. 4.1 Approved document B and solution of fire engineering ADB states the following: Fire safety engineering may provide an alternative approach to fire safety. It may be the only realistic way to achieve an acceptable standard of fire safety in some large and intricate buildings and in buildings containing diverse uses. Therefore, where the proposed development does not fully comply with the recommendations of ADB it is intended to incorporate the latest guidance available as part of an alternative fire safety engineering approach. This approach will be base don the recommendations of BS7974 with the overarching aim of achieving the optimum design solution and Building Regulation Approvals. A fire alarm system is designed to detect and raise the alarm in a fire situation for the following purposes: As part of the life safety system (L) For the protection of property (P) For a warehouse the type of system is determined by the current addition of BS5839-1; Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings (Code of practice for system design, installation, commissioning and maintenance). Table A.1 of BS5839 Part 1 identifies the appropriate alarm system for the building. Figure If we consider the building as a warehouse the British Standard states that the premises will require the highest standard of property protection a Category P1 system, where automatic fire detectors are installed in all areas of the building. The system is intended to satisfy the requirements of fire insurers as it considers a life safety system not appropriate for the building type as the occupiers are awake and will detect and raise the alarm. This is against the recommended type of system under BS9999 as it states for a fast growing fire with a risk rating of A3 (reduced from A4 due to sprinklers being fitted) requires a L2 alarm system. A mostly unmanned warehouse cannot rely upon a manual response and an automatic fire detection system and/or sprinkler system will be warranted. Historically, the type and extent of fire detection is often dictated by external influences rather than by a measured assessment of the risk and the determination of the most appropriate and effective fo rm of detection. These influences may include the requirements of legislation as enforced by the Fire Authority and Building Control Body, or the requirements of interested parties, such as the Insurer. The alarm will also be capable of operating extinguishing and smoke control systems. Actuation will close fire dampers, open smoke vents and close heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems or switch them over to extraction mode Figure When detecting in large open areas such as atria, warehouses etc, the detection device is likely to be some distance vertically and horizontally from the fire source. Consequently, detection methods should be applicable for such circumstances. There are a number of considerations for protecting such environments, these can include smoke and heat dilution as the fire plume rises towards the fire detectors, the effects of stratification and air currents taking the smoke and gasses away from the detectors. When attempting to assess the probable time to detection, there would need to be a detailed assessment of the environmental conditions affecting fire growth, as the environment is likely to play a major part in the success or failure of the detection system. In this case: tgrowth will be based upon typical fire models for the range of likely combustibles; tmove will be based upon a number of assumptions of how the environment will affect the way the detected products will travel towards the detectors. Parameters to be considered here are the effects of HVAC, the continued entrainment of air as the smoke plume rises (with the possible eddy current created by cooling of the smoke), and the effects of stratification. Warehouses offer particularly unusual challenged to these types of detector since point type smoke detectors are not recommended for use above 10.5m except in unusual circumstances. The reason for this is the well-known phenomenon of smoke stratification, where smoke from any given size fire only produces sufficient thermal buoyancy to raise smoke to a given level (often well away from detectors), rendering conventional smoke detection virtually useless in this application. Beam detectors however negate the problems associated with point detectors. Beam smoke detectors make use of the obscuration property of smoke to detect a fire. They may consist of a combined transmitter and receiver unit with reflective element, or a separate transmitter and receiver unit. They are normally mounted on walls at either side of a monitored area, such that there is a clear line of sight between one unit and the other. Typically, an infrared beam is transmitted along this length. In the event of smoke passing through the beam, the receiver measures the resultant attenuation. The value CL, expressed in dB, is used to identify the reduction in intensity of the light beam, defined by the following equation: I0= received intensity without reduction in intensity I = received intensity after reduction in intensity The main requirements are that: The detectors have sufficient immunity to false alarm conditions such that CL, min is less than 0.5 dB; The variation in response between successive operations should be limited such that the ratio between the maximum value of CL, max recorded and the minimum value CL, min is less than 1.6. Although this data is used in testing detectors, it may also be appropriate in assessing on-site conditions. By contrast, high sensitivity aspirating systems may often have their sampling pipes arranged to sample from multiple heights within the protected area, overcoming this problem. However they are cost prohibitive within this scheme. 5 Analysis and computations 5.1 Assumption To demonstrate the building complies with the functional requirement B1 a fire safety engineering analysis of the performance based design will need to be adopted as recommended in BS7974. Making use of basic physical provisions to ensure life safety, but design evaluation depends upon a time based comparison of the time available for the occupants to escape (Available Safe Escape Time, (ASET)) and the escape time (Required Safe Escape Time, (RSET)). This will allow the design to deviate form the restrictions imposed by the prescribed rules Research on Evacuation Times. Standard fire safety recommendations for means of escape relate to travel time, i.e. the time taken to travel to and through exits to a place of relative safety. However, it is widely acknowledged that the time taken for occupants to start to evacuate can be considerably longer than the time taken to actually move out of the building. An extract of Table C.1 from BS7974-6 is partially replicated in Figure 4. This demonstrates the potential variation in pre-movement times of evacuees which is dependent upon the level of management and fire alarm provision. The management of this building will adopt a proactive fire safety management approach to comply with standard fire safety regulations for the workplace. Figure A1-A2: Automatic fire detection and alarm throughout building A3: Automatic fire detection and alarm only in certain areas, or manual call points only throughout There has been a number of real fire tests carried out on high rack storage arrangements by insurance companies. Tests carried out by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. concluded that fire size is unlikely to exceed 5MW where in-rack sprinklers have been provided. Smaller tests on single racks of clothing would indicate a typical peak heat release rate of 2.5MW for isolated arrangements. BRE 368 would also suggest a peak heat release rate of 2.5MW for sprinklered fires using fast response sprinkler heads. Within this project an assumption of a 5 MW fire is made 5.2 Calculation procedures How occupants respond to a fire will depend initially on the cue they received. The components of occupants evacuation times are recognition time, response time and travel time. Both recognition and response times are known as pre-movement time. The former represents the time taken to appreciate that the alarm is a fire alarm relating to the occupant (as opposed to a security alarm, car alarm etc). During this time occupants will continue with activities as they were prior to the activation of the alarm, e.g. staff members undertaking duties, etc. The latter represents the duration taken by occupants to begin to move towards an escape route, e.g. investigative behaviour shutting down machinery etc. Figure In warehouse buildings occupants are generally familiar with their surroundings and are trained in fire emergency evacuation protocols. In the proposed storage facility and associated offices, occupants should be familiar with the sounding of the fire alarm and as such would commence evacuation reasonably promptly. Where a reasonable standard of fire detection is provided, BS7974-6 recommends that familiar occupants of a building can be expected to take between 1mins and 2mins before they start to evacuate. The characteristics and determination of evacuation behaviour can be simplified in terms of the following broad categories of behaviour; the first is Pre-Movement Behaviour and the second is Travel Behaviour. The recommendations of BS7974-6 have been used to determine the Required Safe Egress time (RSET) for the proposed and code compliant layouts. RSET can be calculated using the following formula: rtrset = rtdet + rtalarm + rtpre + rttravel Where; rtrset = Total time required for escape (secs) rtdet = Time to detection (secs) rtalarm = Time to alarm (secs) rtpre = Pre-movement time (secs) rttravel = Travel time (secs) Travel Time is the time required for the occupants to walk to an exit leading to a place of safety. Walking time may be expressed as a distribution of individual times or as a single time such as an average time required. As stated earlier we will assume the maximum travel distance within the warehouse is 60m with no dead end situations allowing for two directions of escape from all areas due to the number of exits provided from the warehouse. We will take the speed of from Annex D PD7974-6 2004 as 1.4m/s. Distance 60(m) ttrav(walking) = - = = 43(s) Speed of travel 1.4 m S 6 Comparison of results with acceptance criteria 6.1 Summary of the results of this case study To meet with code recommendations a Type M manual fire alarm system would be necessary in a standard warehouse building. However, the provision of an automatic fire detection and alarm system is an integral part of the overall fire safety package from a fire engineering perspective. 6.2 Result The building will be provided with an automatic fire alarm and detection system meeting the recommendations of BS 5839-1 Category L2. The system will consist of beam detectors within the warehouse area. Manual call points will be provided at each storey exit and throughout the premises to give warning to the occupants in case of an event other than fire, a voice alarm system will also be installed in accordance with the recommendations of BS 5839-8. The sound level of the alarm system should generally be at least: 60dB (A) in open plan areas>60m2, e.g. offices (excluding a 500mm perimeter boundary) 60dB (A) in staircases and rooms less than 60m2 5dB (A) above the ambient noise level. Table B.1 Typical occupational noise levels (Lp) Figure 7 Conclusions 7.1 Fire protection requirements It is proposed to provide a high standard of automatic fire detection and alarm system throughout the warehousing compartment. A manual system will cover the office area of the premises. The standard of detection and alarm in the building will affect the general time to warning for occupants and provide an enhanced level of fire safety through early warning and shorter evacuation times. Activation of the sprinkler system will also lead to the fire alarm sounding throughout the building. To ensure a conservative estimation of fire alarm activation our analysis has been based on an anticipated sprinkler system activation time within 2 minutes. Many code compliant warehouse facilities with code compliant travel distances only require manual fire detection to meet with code recommendations. Therefore the time to detection would depend on the time taken for occupants in the room of fire origin to raise the alarm. However, should the room of fire origin be unoccupied then the time to alarm for people who may be in rooms remote from the fire would depend on them or other occupants becoming aware of cues of the fire scenario, e.g. sounds of burning material, smell of smoke or seeing smoke through a vision panel. Although BS7974-6 recommends a time to detection of at least 15 minutes for such scenarios, a reasonable worst case for a typical code compliant open plan warehouse could be 3 5 minutes. The fire alarm and detection system will be an addressable analogue system. Multi-state detectors will be capable of giving normal, fire and alternate signals dependent upon the required sensitivity. The control panel will be sited in a low fire risk area (office). It shall have suitable ambient light and sound levels for both staff and FRS use. The fully addressable system will give floor/zone and the specific address of the signals location. There will be 100 second fault monitoring. It will be provided with staff alarm, as well as test, silence and reset buttons. Plan of warehouse Figure

Free Essays - Contemplation in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Marlow’s Contemplation during his Journey   In one of his novels, Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad depicts the tale of a man who reflects upon the meaning of life as well as all of its intricasies and implications. Indeed, Marlow, the main character of this story, questions several existential topics and explores his own personal curiosity about the solidarity and darkness of the jungle he finds himself in. At one point in the storyline, Marlow and his crew depart towards the station where the enigmatic Kurtz resides. An interesting aspect of this portion of the adventure is that Marlow’s crew is mostly composed of cannibals. Upon realizing how famished these natives are, Marlow contemplates how incredible it seems that the cannibals have restrained themselves from giving in to their hunger and eating the European men onboard. It is this speculation that will be the topic of discussion in the following paper. Marlow’s thoughts and perception of the native tribe will be examined in order to provide a more conc ise understanding of his analysis of the cannibals.   During their trip towards Kurtz’s station, Marlow describes the inequality of power and discrimination that the natives must live with. They constantly receive unfair treatments, such as beatings and the lack of food and medical support, as well as being paid in ridiculous manner that can only fuel their hate towards the European conquerors. Upon suggesting that the cannibals on his crew are treated in a disingenuous way, Marlow truly questions why their motives have not been violent so far : ‘’Why in the name of all gnawing devils of hunger they didn’t go for us – they were thirty to five – and have a good tuck in for once, amazes me now when I think of it’’ (Conrad 37). Further analysis provided by Marlow explores the underlying reason why the natives refuse to attack their opressors. He manages to pinpoint one particular aspect that is responsible for such behaviour : ‘’And I saw that something restraining, on e of those human secrets that baffle probability, had come into play here’’ (37). The human act of restraint, according to our narrator, is the simple yet bafling evidence which he stipulates. But what truly surprises Marlow is the fact that there shouldn’t be any logical reason for the starving cannibals not to attack, and consequently eat, him and his crew. He believes that hunger can by no means be deterred by any reasonalble explanation :

Cochlear Implants and the Internet :: Health Disability

On-line communities are something I have never participated in. I have always felt (due to personal observations of friends using chat rooms and listening to other’s renditions of their experiences) these communities can, and most often do, consume inordinate amounts of time and spare time is a rare commodity for me. Beyond the time consumption, from my observations of chat rooms, there are rarely any well-thought-out responses to the topic of discussion. In fact, often there are inane and childish retorts that just stir up the emotions of those involved and tend to sidetrack the majority as they rally against the perpetrator. On the other hand, I assume there are places where professionals can have relevant and introspective discussions, but I had never viewed, participated in or even read archived logs of such discourse. I imagine these â€Å"professional† discussions could be highly beneficial interactions for problem solving, as well as being supportive while offering constructive criticism. Since my specialty is education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH), I have been exposed to the highly emotionally charged debates on the issue of cochlear implants (CI). I was interested in finding out how easy (or difficult) it would be for hearing parents with deaf children to receive balanced and unbiased information on cochlear implants. Could they acquire the knowledge they would need in order to make informed decisions on behalf of their children on the World Wide Web? For those unfamiliar with CIs, the simplest explanation is to think of it as a high powered hearing aid which is surgically implanted in the recipient’s head (actually the inner ear) and feeds electrical impulses directly to the brain. It does not take away or alter a person’s deafness. When the processor is on, the implant stimulates hearing. When it is turned off, the hearing is gone. Maybe a short description of the process would be appropriate to insert here before continuing. First a recess is drilled in the temporal bone of the skull (behind the ear) and a magnetic disk is placed in this well. Connected to this disk is a wire—actually a bundle of wires depending on the CI’s number of channels or frequencies.

A Farewell to Arms Essay

The two novels The Grapes of Wrath & A Farewell to Arms both contain a main character who shares some of the same qualities depicting how they live their lives. The Grapes of Wrath, written in 1939 involves the character known as Tom Joad; A Farewell to Arms has a very similar character in ways that might not be open to the public eye known as Frederic Henry. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1928, A Farewell to Arms discusses the reality of war, the relationship between love and pain, and the feeling of losing someone whom which you care for greatly. Written by John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath describes a man’s ability to want to survive. The book also talks about how Tom Joad transforms throughout the book into a different man. Tom Joad and Frederic Henry I believe both have a sort of unselfishness to them and how they go about life. After Tom was released from jail after 4 years he began devoting his time and energy to the present moment in every single and separate day. Tom began caring for other people first and always putting himself second. Henry exhibits the same type of characteristic I feel because after his experience in war he felt as if all he was doing was completing his duty for which he should get no type of praise or recognition for it. Tom and Frederic both share an unconditional feeling of love for someone. You can see how much Tom truly loves his family because he did anything he could to keep everyone together and to get the whole family to where they were trying to get to. Frederic on the other hand is deeply in love with Catherine. Because of how Hemingway narrates Henrys feelings for Catherine you can really see that his feelings are pure and honest. Both Tom and Frederic had to deal with the loss of a loved one. When Casy was murdered by a policeman, Tom turned around and killed the policeman. What he did was not necessarily the right thing to do nor was it the wrong thing to do. But in  his situation he didn’t know how else to deal with it, so he did what came natural to him. Frederic however lost the women of his dreams and went into a state of depression you might say. He had no friends or family and he was caught in a time of extreme loneliness. They Both lost someone who they cared the world of and still managed to stay on path even if it took them a little while to do so. The Grapes of Wrath and A Farewell to Arms contain two characters who I believe are very similar protagonist. They are both characters whom which the reader can feel for no matter who the reader is. Tom and Frederic are unselfish, caring men, who have the mentality to keep their eyes on the prize and keep doing what they set out to do. A farewell to arms Essay Ernest Hemmingway’s A Farewell to Arms is an examination of war, loyalty, desertion, love and loss. His novel tells the story of an American, Fredric Henry, serving in the Italian army during World War I. Using a first person narrative we witness the horrors of war, the beauty of love, and the pain of loss. While the novel is fiction there are many similarities to Hemmingway’s life, which he uses as inspiration in his work. These experiences add substance to his tale of love in a time of war. The story is broken into five books, each covering a different aspect of narrative structure. The first book is an excellent example building the exposition of a story, beginning with Lieutenant Henry describing the village where his unit is stationed. Through Henry’s eyes Hemmingway describes the beauty of the village and the neighboring countryside. He also alludes to the impending conflict that is soon to ravage the land, detailing the men and equipment that come through the streets. Book one also introduces love affair of the two central characters of the story; Fredric Henry, an American serving as a Lieutenant with the Italian Army and Catherine Barkley, an English working in the local hospital. Their relationship develops quickly but is just as quickly tested when Henry is severely injured in battle. Book Two continues to build on the love affair between Henry and Catherine. After Henry is moved away from the front to an American hospital, where he is soon reunited Catherine and they resume their affair. Henry is faced with the not only major surgery and a long recovery, but also having to hide his relationship with Catherine. Elements of both Henry and Catherine’s personalities are fleshed out in greater detail. Henry is a fairly aloof man. He does not care much for the war and he is not interested in the merits or the glory of war; however he is a good and dedicated soldier. Catherine is very submissive toward Henry. She often gives control of the relationship to Henry, becoming almost co-dependent. As their time together increases Henry finds himself growing more and more dedicated to his relationship to Catherine. As the fall arrives Henry is faced with two new major complications; he must return to the battle front and Catherine is now pregnant. Henry being a man of honor promises his love to Catherine and that we will not desert her. Henry moves onto the front where things will go from bad to worse. Henry is moved back to the front and he begins to see how the war has changed not only the countryside but those around him as well. Because Henry is not Italian he does not feel the same sense of loyalty those around him feel and he begins to question his duty to the war efforts. His summer with Catherine has given Henry a new outlook on life and a different cause to commit to. This adds to the rising conflict of the story as now Henry is back in harm’s way and will soon see thing that will change his perception of war and his life and force him to make a choice that will change his life. The main crisis of the story is in Book Three. Not long after returning to the fight the Italian defenses are broken and the army is ordered to retreat. Henry must take his ambulances and drivers across the Italian country side to the rally point. As they trek through the ravaged landscape Henry begins to see the war as being hopeless and his thoughts move toward being with Catherine once again. During the retreat Henry is forced to kill another soldier for not obey an order. He also sees as one of his men is killed by fellow Italian soldiers. These two events cause Henry to detach completely from his duties as an officer. The story reaches the climax as Henry is being separated from his men and about to be executed. No longer feeling any commitment to the cause and knowing that he will be shot simply for being an officer Henry decides to flee and start his new life with Catherine. After escaping execution and reuniting with Catherine, Henry realizes that he longer has any associations to the war in Italy and is dedicated only to Catherine. The couple makes their way into Switzerland to begin a life and await the birth of their child. It is in this time that the story takes a moment for pause, almost as a build up for one final crisis. It is nearly 3:00 AM and Catherine has started going into labor, and this is where the final crisis comes in to play. As Catherine goes through hours of intense labor, Henry can only stand by and watch. He prays to God for her safety. He prays for the safety of the one thing he holds dear. He asks for the protection of the center of his universe, Catherine. The baby is delivered still born and Catherine dies shortly after. Henry says his final good byes to Catherine but they bring him no peace. He sees no purpose in their deaths, simply an event he was powerless to stop. He is left with nothing but a walk back to the hotel in the rain, bringing the story to its conclusion. Hemmingway’s tale of war, love and loss carefully uses each book of his story to bring all the narrative elements into play. The first two books build the exposition and set up the rising action. He uses book three to set the final crisis and bring about the climax. Book Four brings the action down to set up for the tragic conclusion in Book Five. A Farewell to Arms Essay â€Å"A writer’s job is to tell the truth† ? Ernest Hemingway. This quote means that it is a writer’s job to convey some sort of truth or accuracy to the reader. I agree. This is shown in the novel, A Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway through the setting and characterization in the novel. It is also shown in the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee through the themes and setting of the novel. In the war novel, A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway demonstrates that it is a writer’s job to convey some sort of truth to the reader through the setting of the novel. This novel takes place during a time of war and shows what war is like, realistically. For a war novel, there is not a lot of fighting but instead more of getting from one place to another and the situations that occur in the interim. This portrays a truth to the reader because it shows how war is in reality and that it is not all death and destruction. Hemingway expresses the emotions of the characters accurately for time of war and conditions or situations the characters are put into. The author shows us the characters interact with each other and how they deal with the war surrounding them. For example, in Book III of the novel, the priest says that people that summer finally realized the war and that people were gentler because they had been beaten. This, truthfully, shows how war affects people and their emotions because it shows how they are disappointed. Through the setting of the play, Hemingway tells the truth by stating that people are â€Å"trapped biologically† because of their setting and the fact that it is human condition. In the novel, Frederic feels trapped because of Catherine’s pregnancy. In the novel, A Farwell to Arms, the author establishes that a writer’s job is to deliver accuracy and truth to the audience of the piece of work through characterization in the novel. Hemingway shows the reader what war can do to a person. He shows this through Frederic’s personality and his change throughout the story. Frederic went from an innocent man who joined the army because he was in Italy at the time and spoke the language and after a lot of experience becomes cynical. This work of literature also shows how war can be dehumanizing on an individual. In Book III, Frederic shoots at a sergeant and thinks nothing of killing another human being because that’s what occurs in war. Another way that the author tells truth in this novel is by showing that some characters keep their morals and human values. For example, in Book III, Frederic stops his fellow officers from harassing the two young girls who needed a ride. During the war times, most men did not have respect for their fellow people but Hemingway shows the reader that a select few fight to keep their morals straight. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee confirms that a writer’s job is to tell the reader the truth through the themes of this novel. One theme of this novel is racism; the townspeople are prejudice towards Tom Robinson because he’s black. Even though, many know and believe that he is innocent and he did not rape Mayella they still blame him and find him guilty in court. Another theme of this novel, that shows truth as well, is the coexistence of good and bad. Harper Lee shows his reader that in his story, just like it is in the real world, good and bad exists. The good in this story is Atticus and him trying to fight for Tom and stands up for him as his attorney to show he supports him even though the town turns against him and he knows he can’t win. The bad in this story is racism and inequality. The author of this novel conveys a lot of truth because these problems still occur to this day in real life situations. Another important theme that expresses truth to us from the author is innocence and the loss of that innocence. When the novel begins, Scout and Jem seem very innocent to the evil in the world, mostly because they had not ever witnessed it. After they see the racism, prejudice and unjust treatment that are put onto many characters they start to lose that childlike innocence. This is a strong truth, to this day. Young innocent people are losing and missing out on a lot because of their environment and surroundings. In the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, the author shows the audience that the writer’s job is to distribute the truth to the reader through, the literary element, of setting. This story takes place in Maycomb, Alabama. Maycomb is home to many complacent, racist and prejudice people. The people of Maycomb try to ignore the truth that is plain to see by not acting on it. They let people in the town, who may be of different skin color like Tom Robinson, be stepped on and treated unfairly just because of his skin tone while many of the people of the town know he is innocent. During the course of the novel, the Great Depression is occurring. This sets the stage for poverty to be a strong point in this story. The characters make this a separation element. Another factor of setting that expresses truth in this novel being in the South in these days. The South had many rules and segregation laws concerning black citizens and white citizens. This caused an increase in the racism. As shown above, the two novels, A Farewell to Arms and To Kill A Mockingbird, both have many literary elements that help the author to express truth in his/her literary work. Some of these literary elements were setting, characterization and theme among many others. A farewell to arms Essay Hemingway bases most of his books on events that he has experienced. Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms is a book about war, identity, and individualism. His style of using in media res, character, and dialogue, and how he splits the book into five parts, changes the way readers interpret the book. Ernest Hemingway lived through World War I and World War II. During World War I, Hemingway wanted to join the American army, but he was not accepted into it because of his eye sight. Since he wanted to help in the war effort, he moved to Italy to become a Red Cross ambulance driver. During this time, he was severely injured in the legs by enemy mortar fragments. His time in Italy influenced much of his book, A Farewell to Arms. War is a reoccurring theme in the novel. The main character Frederic realizes more and more of how bad war really is throughout the story. One critic, Schneider, said, â€Å"War is not glamorized†¦ Instead, it is presented in a very real and horrifying fashion from the perspective of the ambulance driver† (Telgen 179). In the book Hemingway wrote, â€Å"I wiped my hand on my shirt and another floating light came very slowly down and I looked at my leg and was very afraid† (Hemingway 56). At this point in the novel, Frederic starts to realize the realities of war. Another critic, Markley, said, â€Å"It’s still a game to him† (Bloom 174). Near the middle of the book, Frederic and his fellow soldiers retreat from Caporetto. It this section, Frederic is fully awakened to the horrors of war, and sees it in a completely different way. Identity plays a big role in Frederic’s character. According to Schneider, â€Å"Frederic’s identity is displaced by the late introduction of his name to the reader, the fact of his being an American in the Italian Army, and his constant play with words† (Telgen 177). In the novel, the narrator, Frederic, is not introduced until the fourth chapter, and the jokes he tries to make in the story don’t translate well into Italian. This shows how Frederic’s identity sticks out compared to the rest of the soldiers. Another critic, Waldhorn, said, â€Å"Frederic Henry absorbs what others teach, then acts at last on his own resolve. His situation is again different, however, for he has no wholly exemplary male figure before him. † (Waldhorn 118). Throughout the novel, Rinaldi influences Frederic until the climax. Rinaldi is the one who introduced him to Catherine, and along with Catherine, he was the one that was there for him when he was injured. At the climax, Frederic doesn’t listen to Rinaldi, and deserts the army for Catherine. This shows that Frederic’s identity became clearer throughout the novel. He ends up doing what he feels is the right thing to do. Individualism is shown mostly by Rinaldi, a surgeon and a friend of Frederic. Schneider said, â€Å"For example, Rinaldi has the satisfaction of having become a better surgeon through practice. He is also better with women for the same reason. † (Telgen 178). In the novel, Frederic says that there is more to life than women and being a surgeon, Rinaldi says, â€Å"Go to hell† (Hemingway 13). This shows that those two things are very important to Rinaldi, and that he doesn’t like it when others say bad things about it. Hemingway opens the story in the middle of World War I. According to Markley, â€Å"A Farewell to Arms opens in media res – literally, in the middle of the thing† (Broom 172). In the beginning paragraph of A Farewell to Arms, it says, In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leave fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves. (Hemingway 3) In this paragraph, Hemingway describes the setting of the book, and starts off the book in the middle of World War I. Hemingway bases his characters from his experiences. According to Waldhorn, â€Å"What is perhaps most remarkable is the absolute trust Frederic inspires in his reliability as a narrator. Never again in a novel would Hemingway maintain the precisely appropriate distance between himself and a hero so like him. A perfect apprentice, Frederic blends admirably the familiar traits of the hurt, uprooted young man who must†¦ learn ‘how to live in it’† (Waldhorn 116). In the novel, the characterization of Frederic only reveals his thoughts and emotions. This style allows the reader to have their own thoughts on what Frederic looks like. Hemingway uses short and direct dialogue to tell the story. Another critic, Graham, said, â€Å"They are active, direct and, one might argue, uncomplicated people with an almost fatalistic acceptance of life†¦ There is nothing new to learn: even with the various cases, the characters simply observe†¦ While they seem to understand what they do and what goes on about them, they never seem to assimilate the knowledge† (Bender 19). In the novel, the length of the dialogue between the characters varies very little. This style of writing allows readers to have their own thoughts on what’s happening, not Hemingway’s, when reading, because readers interpret what the characters say in different ways. The form of the novel is broken up into five parts. Waldhorn said, â€Å"In large measure, Hemingway achieves his effect by correspondences. Each of the five paragraphs of the opening chapter, for example, is roughly proportional in length to each of the five books of the novel, and the pace anticipates the cadence of the novel as a whole† (Waldhorn 117). In the novel, the five parts are divided to represent the introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and conclusion. This set-up of the novel is like an English five-act play. Book one introduces the characters and situation; book two develops a romantic plot; book three is the climax, when Frederic deserts the army for Catherine; book four makes it seem as though Frederic and Catherine have successfully escaped the war; and book five is the tragic ending when Catherine dies. In conclusion, A Farewell to Arms is a book about war, identity, and individualism. His style of using in media res, character, and dialogue change the way readers interpret the book. Also, the five book structure of this novel splits the book similar to an English five act play. All of these factors plus parts of Hemingway’s life contribute to the final product, and play a big role in how the reader reads and interprets the content. Bibliography Bender, David, ed. Readings on Ernest Hemingway. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Oliver, Charles. Critical Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Facts on File, Inc, 2007. Telgen, Diane, ed. Novels for Students. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Waldhorn, Arthur, ed. Ernest Hemingway. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1972. A farewell to arms Essay NAGARE ASHWINI TUKARAM 14110080SUMMARY: After a wintertime leave spent visiting the nation, the protagonist, Lieutenant Henry comes back to the captured town at the front where his unit lives. One night his flatmate, a specialist, and lieutenant in the Italian armed force named Rinaldi, acquaints Henry with two British medical caretakers: Catherine Barkley and her companion Helen Ferguson. Catherine and Henry discussion of the war and of her life partner, executed in battle the prior year; plainly she has been damaged by the experience. On his second visit to the British healing facility, they kiss. At the point when Henry again visits Catherine, she reveals to him that she adores him and asks whether he cherishes her. He reacts that he does. One night, Lieutenant Henry and his kindred emergency vehicle drivers sink into a burrow over the waterway from the foe troops. While the drivers are eating, the Austrian siege wounds Henry in the leg and murders one of the alternate drivers. Henry is transported via prepare to an American doctor’s facility in Milan. Catherine Barkley touches base at the healing center, to which she has been exchanged. By and by, she and Lieutenant Henry announce their affection for each other, after which they engage in sexual relations in the healing facility bed. Henry and Catherine spend the mid-year together while he recovers from an operation on his leg, going by eateries around Milan at night and afterward putting in evenings together. At summer’s end, be that as it may, Lieutenant Henry is requested back to the front, and Catherine discloses to him she is three months pregnant. On their last night together in Milan, Henry purchases a gun, and he and Catherine consume a space in a lodging. Not long after Lieutenant Henry’s arrival to the front, the Austrians (now joined by German troops) shell the Italian armed force and in the long run get through the lines close to the town of Caporetto. Henry and the other emergency vehicle drivers withdraw with whatever is left of the Italian powers in a long, moderate moving segment of troops and vehicles. They get two Italian architect sergeants. At last, the ambulances pull off the principal street. When one of the vehicles winds up noticeably stuck in the mud, the two sergeants decline to aid the push to unstick it and ignore Lieutenant Henry’s request to stay with the gathering. He discharges at them, injuring one; another rescue vehicle driver at that point utilizes Henry’s gun to complete the activity. Henry and the three drivers desert the ambulances and set out by walking for the Tagliamento River, crosswise over which lies security. Before long they spot German troopers out yonder. One driver is shot to death by kindred Italians discharging in mistake. Another driver escapes, to surrender to the Germans. At long last safe from the foe, Lieutenant Henry watches that Italian armed force officers like himself are being shot by the military police for forsaking their troops. He additionally fears being confused for a German covert agent. Thus he jumps into the Tagliamento River, betraying the Italian armed force, and swims shorewards downstream. Henry crosses some portion of the Venetian plain by walking, at that point sheets a moving train, covering up among weapons put away underneath a canvas. Frederic Henry touches base in Milan, in secret. Catherine Barkley and Helen Ferguson are truant from the healing center, having gone on vacation to the Italian resort town of Stresa. So, Henry makes a trip through prepare to Stresa, where he discovers Catherine and Helen. Finding late one night that Henry will be captured as a miscreant in the morning, Henry and Catherine rapidly get ready to escape into nonpartisan Switzerland. Through the stormy night, they go in a little, open watercraft crosswise over Lake Maggiore. The next day they are captured and quickly confined by Swiss authorities, after which they are discharged. Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley move into a chalet on a mountain above Montreaux and spend an ideal winter there. At winter’s end, they leave the mountains for an inn in Lausanne. At long last, Henry takes Catherine to the healing facility, where her child is stillborn. Catherine dies soon because of numerous hemorrhages. He tries to say goodbye to her, but it is like saying goodbye to a statue, and he walks back to his hotel room in the rain. INTRODUCTION World War I started in 1914 and finished on Nov. 11, 1918. Battled principally between the Triple Alliance forces of Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Triple Entente nations of England, France, Russia, Italy, and the U.S. (Italy abandoned from the Triple Alliance in 1915; the U.S. joined the war in 1917), the Great War, as it was called, with its huge extension, modernized weaponry, and unclear political battle over land, destroyed to Europe’s scene and populace. Generally, 50% of the 70 million men and ladies serving in the war were slaughtered, harmed, or taken prisoner. A Farewell to Arms is significantly influenced by Hemingway’s own particular wartime encounter. Rejected from the U.S. armed force for his poor vision (which he later erroneously guaranteed was because of boxing), Hemingway’s assurance to join the war exertion landed him a post with the Red Cross as an emergency vehicle driver on the Italian front. He seized the opportunity to be a canteen supplier on the bleeding edges, giving out chocolate and cigarettes to the troops amid fight, and on July 8, 1918, he was hit in the leg by an Austrian mortar shell. Regardless of the injury, he figured out how to convey an Italian trooper to the close-by summon post. Be that as it may, automatic weapon discharge struck him in the knee and foot, and he was at the end sent to a doctor’s facility in Milan, Italy. Comparable damage comes to pass for Henry in the novel. Amid his recuperation, the 19-year-old Hemingway had an affair with an American Red Cross nurse seven years his senior, Agnes von Kurowsky. This experience aroused Henry’s sentiment with Catherine in the novel, however Hemingway in all probability decorated it; most researchers trust Agnes, a conferred nurture, never let him move past kissing and did not respond his extraordinary emotions. In spite of the fact that she didn’t kick the bucket amid the war, as Catherine does, Agnes, in the end, dismissed Hemingway through a letter. The painful emotions of a broken body and heart no doubt embittered Hemingway. CHARACTER SKETCH: Lieutenant Frederic Henry The hero and genuinely detached storyteller, Henry is a youthful American ambulance driver with the Italian armed force. Nonetheless, he doesn’t feel emphatical about the reason and unquestionably isn’t out for wonderfulness. He turns from the revulsions of war to an enthusiastic, dreamer relationship with Catherine Barkley, and the all-devouring adoration occupies him from the fierceness around him. All things considered, he is great at his activity; an even-tempered, unselfish man who practices beauty underweight when he is harmed and when he should shoot a forsaking designing officer, Henry satisfies the code of the â€Å"Hemingway legend.† He influences him â€Å"to isolate peace† when he concludes that he never again has any commitment to the armed force and that his devotion is to Catherine. Catherine Barkley A British Voluntary Aid Detachment, Catherine is in sorrow over her life partner’s current demise toward the begin of the novel. Henry offers an enticing bounce back, and she plunges into this new occupying love. She later concedes that she was marginally â€Å"insane† when she initially met Henry, and her conduct backs this up: she gives herself so promptly to a close odder, and her diversions of tease and prodding verge on the adolescent. Notwithstanding, she increases some measure of autonomy later on, as when she enables Henry to push the pontoon over the lake for their escape, however, she is ordinarily meek and anxious to please with Henry (though, surprisingly, so is he with her). Like Henry, she trusts the world is out to pulverize individuals’ satisfaction. THEMES: LOVE AS A RESPONSE TO HORRORS OF WAR AND WORLD Hemingway more than once underlines the horrendous destruction war has created for everybody included. From the opening record of cholera that executes â€Å"just† 7,000 men to the realistic depiction of the ordnance barrage to the degenerate brutality amid the Italian withdraw, A Farewell to Arms is among the most forthcoming against war books. Be that as it may, Hemingway does not only denounce war. Or maybe, he arraigns the world everywhere for its environment of devastation. Henry as often as possible reflects the world’s emphasis on breaking and slaughtering everybody; it is as though the world can’t stand to give anybody a chance to stay upbeat and safe. Surely, at whatever point Henry and Catherine are happy, something goes along to interfere with it – be it Henry’s damage, his being sent back to the front, his looming capture, or, at long last, Catherine’s passing from labor. With such hopelessness going up against them every step of the way, the two swing to each other. Catherine, particularly, dives too effortlessly into adoration when she initially meets Henry. She concedes she was â€Å"insane† at, to begin with, no doubt finished the genuinely late passing of her life partner, however Henry, as well, capitulates to the allurements of affection. Love is a pleasurable preoccupation (see Games, beneath) that occupies darlings from the outside world; the two regularly disclose to each other not to consider whatever else, as it is excessively excruciating. Covered up inside the safe house of Catherine’s delightful hair, Henry and Catherine feel shielded from the savage outside world. The significant issue with such idealist adore is, as Henry and different characters bring up a few times, one doesn’t generally know the â€Å"stakes† of affection until the point that it is finished, or that one doesn’t think about something until the point that one has lost it. Henry barely enables himself to consider existence without Catherine while he is infatuated, and once he loses her, it appears to be far-fetched that he will recuperate.